What are the production processes of niobium crucibles?

There are two main production processes.
One is to use solid niobium rods. Through forging, turning and other processes, the niobium rods are processed into the required crucible shape and size, thereby obtaining a crucible with dense structure and stable performance.
The other is the niobium plate deep drawing process, that is, the niobium plate is made into a crucible by deep drawing and deformation, which is suitable for the production of larger crucibles and has relatively high production efficiency.